I am able to recreate the problem. I have written a BUG against it. I don't have a fix outlook date. Thanks for the information.
Just discovered that "remove invisible image data" option in Optimise node cannot really be used because it destroys documents by removing images that are supposed to be printed, not just invisible ones.
This already happened to me multiple times, so I ended up disabling it everywhere for now.
Here is a test DPF document if anyone needs to check what happens:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hx83RwnX7HqIk7AJSTjsbMaO2Od7v2bO/view?usp=sharing
Run it through Optimise node with "remove invisible image data" enabled and nothing else, result - all images removed.